【双语】社会团结、责任共享与集体主义：抗击新冠疫情的印度故事

发稿时间：2020-06-05浏览次数：169

12 March 2020: A staff member inside an empty classroom of a school in Kochi, after the Kerala state government ordered schools across the state to close because of coronavirus fears.(Reuters/ Sivaram V)

2020年3月12日，一名教职人员在科钦一所学校的空教室里。此前，出于对新冠病毒的恐惧，喀拉拉邦政府下令关闭全邦的学校。（路透社／Sivaram V）

(https://science.thewire.in/health/caught-between-outbreaks-keralas-model-for-public-healthcare-lauded/)

The novel coronavirus poses a serious threat to the very foundations of modern civilisations. The speed at which the infectious disease spread and the lack of a proper scientific remedy to curb it resulted in diverse responses and repercussions around the world. Even the wealthy, prosperous first world nations have had a little success in containing the pandemic. With their hospitals overwhelmed with patients and death toll increasing dramatically, the chronic incompetence of states were exposed.

新型冠状病毒对现代文明的根基构成了严重威胁。该传染病的传播速度快，并且我们缺乏适当的科学疗法来遏制它，这导致其在世界各地引发了各式各样的反响与后果。那些富裕、繁荣的第一世界国家虽然在控制该全球流行病方面小有成绩，但随着医院人满为患，死亡人数急剧上升，这些国家长期以来的无能暴露无遗。

Contrary to the expectations, and to the surprise of the world, there emerged places in the less developed third world countries which tackled this menace to a much better degree with their innovative, swift and highly organized responses. To battle a pandemic of diverse dimensions, it is often not just the wealth and infrastructure that suffice; political systems, their inherent nature and priorities matter significantly.

出乎世界预料并令之惊奇的是，在发展水平较低的第三世界国家涌现出了一些地区，它们通过创新、迅速与高组织性的反应，在应对病毒威胁方面要做得好许多。要抗击一场涉及多个方面的大流行病，仅靠财富和基础设施往往是不够的；政治制度及其固有的性质和侧重点亦意义重大。

Kerala, a south western state of India, has received much appreciation and attention from all over the world for its proactive measures to curb the spread of COVID 19 with its leftist government at the helm.

位于印度西南部的喀拉拉邦在其左翼政府的领导下采取了阻滞新冠病毒传播的积极措施，受到了全世界的赞赏和关注。

喀拉拉邦位于印度西南沿海部

Although it is populated with 36 million – almost as same as Canada – its death tolls are single in numbers and has about 1 case per 100,000 of its population[1]. Kerala has successfully addressed the pandemic so far and has geared up its mechanisms to handle the upcoming and unprecedented challenges.

虽然喀拉拉邦仅有3600万人口——几乎同加拿大一样多——该邦的新冠死亡人数为个位数，且每10万人中大约仅有1例感染病例。截至目前，喀拉拉邦已成功应对了这场大流行病，并建立了相关机制，用以对付那些未来前所未有的挑战。

Glimpses From the Past

回顾过去

Victor M Fic, Czech political scientist and orientalist called Kerala the ‘Yenan of India’, in his book published in 1970 [2]. The birth place of Communist Party of India in 1939, Kerala became a strong hold of left politics in the coming decades. Overcoming two centuries of colonization and exploitation, India became independent in1947 and chose to follow the democratic system of governance. Communist parties also went into the election foray and won the first election in the newly born state of Kerala in 1957, and became the world’s first democratically elected communist government[3]. Since the 1950s, the communists have held power for more than 30 years forming different governments, including the present Left Democratic Front since 2016.

捷克政治学家和东方学家维克多·M·菲茨在他1970年出版的一本书中称喀拉拉邦为“印度的延安”。该邦是印度共产党1939年的诞生地，在其后几十年中成为左翼政治的一个强大阵地。历经两个世纪的被殖民与被剥削，印度于1947年独立，并选择遵循民主治理制度。共产党也参加了选举，并在1957年新诞生的喀拉拉邦一举赢得了首次选举，成为世界上第一个由民主选举产生的共产党政府。自上世纪50年代以来，共产党执政30余年，组建了不同的政府，其中包括自2016年以来执政至今的左翼民主阵线（Left Democratic Front）。

Backed by the leftist movements, these governments have implemented drastic reforms which altered the social fabric of the state. The symbiotic relationship with progressive movements brought sweeping changes in the society. Literacy mission, public library movement, science popularization campaign etc. were encouraged and prioritised by the successive governments. Reform-oriented policies and significant investments in the health, education and social welfare schemes transformed the state from one of the poorest states in post-colonial India to the one with highest literacy rate (93.9 percent), highest life expectancy (77 years) and highest Human Development Index score (0.712 in 2015)[4]. Kerala tops India’s rankings on neonatal mortality, birth immunizations and the availability of specialists at primary-care facilities. It is also known for highly skilled medical staff who are part of hospitals of almost all the wealthier nations around the world.

在左翼运动的支持下，这些政府实施了激进彻底的改革，改变了喀拉拉邦的社会结构。它们与进步运动的共生关系为社会带来了翻天覆地的变化。扫盲运动、公共图书馆运动、科普运动等皆得到了历届政府的鼓励和重视。喀拉拉曾为后殖民印度最贫穷的邦之一，而那些具有改革倾向的政策和在健康、教育与社会福利计划领域内的重大投资使其一跃成为印度识字率最高（93.9%）、平均寿命最高（77年）和人类发展指数得分最高（2015年得分0.712）的邦。此外，该邦亦在新生儿死亡率[译者注：此处应指喀拉拉邦新生儿死亡率为全印度最低]、出生免疫率与基层护理机构专家资源方面领跑印度。它也因其遍布全球富裕国家医院的高水平医护人员而闻名遐迩。

96-year-old Karthiyani Amma (left) who topped Kerala literacy exam.

九十六岁高龄的Karthiyani Amma（左）在喀拉拉邦读写能力测验中拔得头筹。

（https://literacymissionkerala.org/en/40440-people-appeared-for-aksharalaksham-literacy-examination/）

The state’s exemplary social indicators led to the coinage of ‘Kerala Model’ in the 1970s, to note how a low-income state with high literacy rates and healthy citizens boasted a standard of living comparable to life in the developed nations. In 2018, it earned praise from the World Health Organization for ‘achieving impressive health outcomes at modest incomes compared to the rest of the states in India’[5].

喀拉拉邦各项堪称典范的社会指标促成了“喀拉拉邦模式” （Kerala Model）一词在上世纪70年代的产生。它描述了一个识字率高、公民健康的低收入邦如何成功拥有堪比发达国家的生活水平。2018年，该邦获得了世界卫生组织的赞扬，因其“与印度其他邦相比，在收入不高的情况下取得了令人印象深刻的健康成果”。

(https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2020/apr/01/data-geeks-install-kerala-covid-tracker-2124104.html)

It is also noteworthy to mention that, at a time when public health systems around the world were neglected as a consequence of financial crisis of 2008-2009, the left government of Kerala between 2006-2011 revamped the public health care system by allocating special financial assistance[6].

同样值得注意的是，在2008-2009年金融危机导致全球公共卫生系统被抛在脑后的时候，喀拉拉邦任职于2006-2011年的左翼政府通过分配特别财政援助对公共卫生保健系统进行了改革。

Facing a Crisis Together From the Roots

共同面对危机之根本

A number of factors make Kerala more vulnerable to a global pandemic like COVID 19. In terms of its engagement with the world, Kerala is a highly globalised state. It has a considerable number of foreign expats and is a popular destination for international tourists. It is the only state in India with four International airports to its credit. More than 1 million tourists arrive in this coastal state a year, and one sixth of its 36 million citizens are expatriates, and hundreds of its students study in China. On 30th January, a student of the Wuhan Institute of Medical Sciences who had come back home, tested positive for the novel corona virus, the first ever case reported in India. In the coming days, two more cases appeared, all came back from Wuhan.

有许多因素使喀拉拉邦更容易受到像新冠肺炎这样的全球流行病的影响。就同世界的接触而言，喀拉拉是一个高度全球化的邦。该邦有众多外籍人士，亦是国际游客的热门目的地。它是全印度唯一一个拥有四个国际机场的邦。每年有超过100万游客来到沿海的喀拉拉，其3600万公民中有六分之一是外籍人士，也有数百名学生在中国学习。1月30日，武汉医学院的一名学生回国后被测出新冠病毒呈阳性，这是印度报道的首例新冠病毒感染病例。在接下来的几天里又出现了两例，[感染者]均是由武汉返回的。

In the following days, Kerala came up with mass mobilisation, community intervention, and an effective crisis communication to resist the spread of this foreign imported virus. Days before the Indian government decided to take stringent measures, Kerala opted to go for a state-wide lock down and started conducting tests for its foreign returnees and putting them under quarantine and observation.

在随后的日子里，喀拉拉邦展开了大规模动员、社区干预和有效的危机信息传播来抵御这一外来病毒的扩散。就在印度[中央]政府决定采取严厉措施的前几天，喀拉拉邦决定在全邦范围内实施封锁，并开始对回国人士进行检测、隔离和观察。

(https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2020/apr/09/covid-19-lockdown-leaves-cancer-patients-in-kerala-distressed--2127616.html)

The Kerala government followed an early ‘aggressive’ testing method as recommended by the WHO to test not only people came with symptoms, but those who came in contact with already – infected people, thus surpassing the number of tests conducted by any other Indian states. Government started to prepare and widely circulate detailed route maps of infected persons which helped to identify all the potential suspects and effectively put them under observation hence preventing the community spread of the virus at an early stage itself.

喀拉拉邦政府遵循了世卫组织建议的早期、“积极”的检测方法，不仅要检测有症状的人，还要检测那些与感染者接触过的人，这使得它做过的检测数量超过了印度任何一个邦。政府开始编制与广泛分发详细的感染者[经过地点的]路线图，用以帮助锁定所有潜在的感染者并对其进行有效观察，从而抑制病毒在社区内的早期传播。

“积极测试、接触者追踪与熟食制作：印度喀拉拉邦如何展平其新冠病毒[增长]曲线”---《华盛顿邮报》

(https://www.newskarnataka.com/india/all-three-coronavirus-patients-in-kerala-fully-recover)

The campaign ‘Break the Chain’ devised by the health department became much popular. The aim of this campaign was to stop the infection spreading from one person to others, thus breaking the chain, by adhering to personal hygiene and social distancing. Awareness messages and campaigns with the participation of the populace were propagated through traditional and social media to receive much appreciation and cooperation from the people.

由卫生部发起的“打破链条”运动变得十分流行。该项运动的目的是通过坚持个人卫生和保持社交距离，阻止病毒的人际传播，从而打破感染链条。通过传统媒体和社交媒体，各种提升大众意识的信息与民众参与的活动得到了宣传，并收获了人们的赞赏与合作。

“打破链条”运动标志

“物理距离、社会团结：印度的红色之邦是如何控制住新冠病毒的”---《论坛报》

A global pandemic with multitude of socio-cultural and economic dimensions requires much more than mere medical interventions. Thus, preventive measures require community intervention and grassroot mobilisation. With its strong and highly decentralised local administrative institutions, civil society organisations, cooperative societies, youth organisations, and trade unions, Kerala could mobilise its resources from the grassroots towards meeting the crisis. Thousands of volunteers were recruited from the local level to help different departments working to curb the pandemic. Kerala set up an ‘Arogya Sena’ (Health Army) to reach the nook and corner of the state to manage the crisis. These groups prepared hand sanitisers, facemasks and distributed it among the people, and also helped to convert hospitals exclusively for COVID 19 treatments.

涉及众多社会文化与经济层面的全球流行病需要的不仅仅是医疗干预。因此，预防措施需要包含社区介入和基层动员。喀拉拉邦拥有强大且权力高度下放的地方行政机构、公民社会组织、合作社、青年组织和工会，可从基层调动资源，以应对危机。当地招募了数千名志愿者来协助不同部门遏制疫情。喀拉拉邦建立了一支“健康部队”（Arogya Sena），延伸至邦内的各个角落以处理危机。这些组织准备了洗手液和口罩并分发给群众，此外还帮助医院转型成为新冠肺炎专门治疗点。

(https://www.asianage.com/opinion/columnists/060420/covid-19-how-kerala-has-shown-us-the-way.html)

To Leave No One Behind

不落下一个人

With the aim of no one goes hungry during the lockdown period, community kitchens were set up throughout the state to cater the needs of weaker sections, serving 2.8 lakh packets of meals a day. These meals were arranged by the local self-governing bodies in association with state’s poverty-alleviating women’s empowerment self-help groups known as ‘Kudumbashree’. The kitchen served the needs of migrant labourers, homeless people and the rehabilitated destitute[7].

为了在封锁期间不让任何人挨饿，全邦设立了社区厨房，每日供应28万包饭菜，以满足较为薄弱的区块的需求。这些餐食是由当地自治机构与国家扶贫妇女赋权自助组织“Kudumbashree”联合安排的。厨房用于服务民工、无家可归者与恢复正常生活的穷人的需要。

疫情期间，喀拉拉邦1225个社区厨房每日供应约28万包饭菜，每包装有一包米饭、两个配菜及一碗泡菜。众多志愿者积极响应。

(https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/keralas-community-kitchens-serve-28-lakh-food-packets-a-day/article31309814.ece)

The marginalised section is always the most vulnerable when it comes to a crisis or adversity. While the nationwide lock down created much distress to the migrant labourers in many parts of India, the Kerala government came up with setting 4,600 relief centres for its more than 100,000 migrant labourers to stay in alongside 35 sites for the homeless and destitute. Educational institutions like schools and colleges have been repurposed, and people housed there are provided with essentials like food, masks, soaps, and sanitisers by the government[8].

每当遭遇危机或逆境时，边缘化的区块往往是最脆弱的。尽管举国封锁给印度许多地区的民工带来了巨大困境，但喀拉拉邦政府还是为其10万多民工设立了4600个救济中心，同时还为无家可归与赤贫的人设立了35个救济点。像学校和大学这样的教育机构已被重新利用，政府为住在那里的人们提供了食物、口罩、肥皂和洗手液等生活必需品。

Kerala also declared an economic package worth $2.6 billion to fight the pandemic, days before the central government instituted a harsh lockdown that left many states scrambling. The package includes loans to families through the women’s cooperatives, higher allocations for a rural employment guarantee scheme, two months of pension payments to the elderly, free food grains, and restaurants to provide food at subsidised rates. On the other hand, utility payments for water and electricity as well as interest on debt payments will be extended[9].

印度中央政府制定了严厉的封锁措施，使许多邦陷入混乱。在这之前，喀拉拉邦还宣布了一项价值26亿美元的经济计划以抗击疫情。该计划包括通过妇女合作社向家庭提供贷款、提高农村就业保障计划的拨款、向老年人支付两个月的养老金、供应免费粮食，以及令餐馆提供补贴价格的食品。另一方面，水电费与债务利息支付将得到延期。

(https://telanganatoday.com/covid-19-kerala-govt-begins-distribution-of-free-rations)

Communication During a Pandemic

疫情下的交流与传播

The Chief Minister of Kerala, Pinarayi Vijayan addresses the public with his media briefing at everyday evening. He gives out the vital statistics and highlights the arrangements done by the government so far, and also points out the areas where the state still needs to improve, asking people for their support in the battle against the COVID 19. Tens of thousands of people started to stick to their television sets and mobile phones for this 1-hour program and it turned out to be gaining record viewers for the television channels in history. Apart from this, communication has become a priority and people were given accurate information and guidelines through social media as well as print and broadcast. Health Minister of the state, KK Shailaja teacher spearheaded the efforts showing true statesmanship and winning the trust and love of people. Her exemplary leadership qualities and organisational skills was a blow to the underlying misogynist notion that only men are capable enough to handle crises in an efficient way.

喀拉拉邦首席部长皮纳拉伊·维贾扬（Pinarayi Vijayan）在每晚的新闻发布会上向公众发表讲话。他给出了关键性的统计数字，并强调了截至目前政府所做的安排、指出了本邦仍需改进的地方、请求群众为抗击新冠疫情提供支持。成千上万的人们粘着电视与手机观看这1小时的节目，结果，它为该电视频道创下了其观众数量的历史新纪录。此外，交流传播已成为优先事项，人们通过社交媒体及纸媒、广播电视获取精确的信息与指导方针。喀拉拉邦卫生部长KK·莎伊拉贾（KK Shailaja）带头作出努力，显示出真正的政治家风度，赢得了人民的信任和爱戴。她的领导才能与组织能力堪称典范，这是对“只有男性才有能力以有效的方式处理危机”这一根深蒂固的厌女主义观念的一个打击。

“新冠病毒杀手！看喀拉拉邦摇滚明星卫生部长如何拯救该邦于新冠病毒”---《卫报》

“KK·莎伊拉贾的存在被誉为是一个拥有3500万人口的邦仅有4人死于这种病毒的原因”

Facets of a Health Crisis

健康危机面面观

When a pandemic of this magnitude and severity hits the people, it cannot remain as a simple health problem but it often becomes a fire test of the efficiency and values of our political systems and their ideologies.

当如此规模与严重的全球流行病袭击人类时，它便不再仅仅是一个健康问题，而往往成为对我们的政治制度及其意识形态的效率与价值的考验。

“新冠病毒没有打破体制；它揭露了破碎的体制”

The capitalist societies, which ignored the scale of the problem and decided to run the economy instead of implementing stringent measures paid for their ignorance and choices of priorities. The global neoliberal proponents advocate for a state with minimal powers and bet on the efficiency of the private sector by criticising the government expenditure on public social welfares. For them, government expenditure on public health is considered as a wastage of resources. The COVID 19 pandemic exposes the myth of market serving the needs of a society. The economically less advantaged provinces and nations has shown how effective it is to allocate resources and mobilize masses to achieve social goals. Places like Kerala, where political parties are active with the idea of socialism did prioritise community over individualism, thus summon masses and showed the spirit of volunteerism and collectivism to fight against the virus. Social solidarity, shared interests and a sense of responsibility along with a firm public health care system allows them to confront disasters in a way much better than the wealthy capitalist governments with massive resources.

资本主义社会忽视了该问题的规模，决定运行经济而非实行严格的管制措施。它们为自己的愚昧无知与优先选择付出了代价。全球新自由主义支持者主张建立一个权力最小化的国家，批评政府对公共社会福利的支出，押注于私营部门的效率。对他们来说，政府在公共卫生方面的花费被认为是对资源的浪费。这场新冠肺炎流行病揭露了“市场服务社会需求”这一谬见。经济条件较差的省份和国家已展示了如何通过有效分配资源与动员群众来实现社会目标。像喀拉拉邦这样的地方，政党的社会主义思想活跃，将集体置于个体之上，召集大众共同抗议，体现了志愿服务主义与集体主义精神。社会的团结、共同的利益与责任感，以及坚实的公共医疗体系使他们在应对灾难方面比资源充沛、富裕的资本主义政府做得更好。

越南与印度喀拉拉邦以低廉的价格遏制了新冠病毒---《经济学人》

A virus, invisible to the naked eyes, has shown us the glitches within our systems and it is high time we try to fix the issues with utmost importance to make our planet habitable for the generations to come.

一种肉眼无法看见的病毒已向我们指出了我们体制内的故障。为了使我们的星球适宜子孙后代居住，现在是我们努力解决这些重要问题的时候了。

(https://gulfnews.com/opinion/op-eds/why-kerala-model-is-a-huge-success-against-covid-19-1.71491041)

作者：Vishnu Karuthodi

(Doctoral Student, Institute of Communication Studies, Communication University of China／中国传媒大学传播研究院印度籍在读博士留学生)

编译：杨以轩

*文章原标题：脱颖而出的印度喀拉拉邦抗疫模式 | When the Kerala Model Meets the Pandemic

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[3]Lal, A. (2017, April 5). On 60th anniversary of EMS’s govt, some lessons. The Indian EXPRESS. Retrieved fromhttps://indianexpress.com/article/explained/in-fact-on-60th-anniversary-of-emss-govt-some-lessons-4599878/

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[5]Jacob, J. (2020, April 27). How Kerala flattened the curve. INDIA TODAY.

[6]Chowdhury, A. (2020, April 9). Kerala Covid-19 Response Model for Emulation. INTER PRESS SERVICE. Retrieved fromhttps://www.ipsnews.net/2020/04/kerala-covid-19-response-model-emulation/

[7]Community kitchens dish out 2.8 lakh food packets a day in Kerala. (n.d.). YOURSTORY. Retrieved fromhttps://yourstory.com/2020/04/coronavirus-community-kitchen-kerela-food-packets

[8]Raghavan, V. (2020, April 15). “Physical Distance, Social Unity”: How India’s Red State Got on Top of Coronavirus. TRIBUNE. Retrieved fromhttps://tribunemag.co.uk/2020/04/physical-distance-social-unity-how-indias-red-state-got-on-top-of-coronavirus

[9]Gill, P. (2020, March 19). While PM Modi called for a 'janata curfew', the Kerala government implemented some serious steps. BUSINESS INSIDER. Retrieved fromhttps://www.businessinsider.in/india/news/while-pm-modi-called-for-a-janata-curfew-the-kerala-government-implemented-some-serious-steps/articleshow/74717250.cms